The Fundamental Rights Research Centre (FRC) is the national contractor for FRANET, the multi-disciplinary research network of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). As national contractor, FRC periodically produces state of the art overviews of the human rights situation in Belgium in relation to a variety of topics, thereby helping the FRA monitor the protection of human rights in Belgium. In this page, you will find all the services FRC has provided to the FRA in this capacity.
Fundamental rights of children displaced in the EU following the Russian war of aggression (May - August 2023)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Pieter Van Roeyen
This research contributed to the FRA's third bulletin on the fundamental rights implication of the war in Ukraine by providing the Agency with information on children (Ukrainian nationals and non-Ukrainian nationals alike) who fled the war in Ukraine.
The FRA's bulletin can be accessed here and the country report prepared by FRC is available here.
Mapping of child protection systems in the EU 27 - an update (January - May 2023)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Lynn Meeuwissen, Johan Put, Liese Hofkens, Jole Carlé (KU Leuven)
The main objective of the research is to update and expand the child protection mapping conducted by FRA collected through FRANET in 2014 and published in 2015, see Child protection systems | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (europa.eu). The update shall cover in detail the scope, budgets, legislation and policies, horizontal and vertical structures, national, regional, and local actors, care and services, complaint, monitoring, and reporting mechanisms, and other functions incl. transnational and cross-border measures of the child protection systems in place in the 27 EU Members States, in reference to the diverse needs of all and particularly vulnerable groups of children addressed, and evolving needs since 2014. The research shall furthermore identify legislative and policy gaps and challenges on implementation, provide information on inter-agency cooperation at national level, provide information on EU level cooperation between national child protection systems, and identify promising practices in all regards towards integrated child protection systems.
Updating the FRA Anti-Muslim Hatred Database 2022 (January - March 2023)
VUB: Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Prof. Paul de Hert
The Anti-Muslim Hatred database provides information on significant international, European and national case law and rulings, UN human rights body decisions, reports, findings by human rights and equality bodies and organisations relating to hate crime, hate speech and discrimination against Muslims, as well as relevant research, reports, studies, data and statistics on these issues. It also provides information on victims' support organisations in the EU Member States. The update will provide available statistics and other data pertaining to anti-Muslim hatred, where possible disaggregated by ethnic and/or religious group, citizenship, gender and age to identify intersectional aspects in Belgium.
The full Anti-Muslim Hatred Database is available on FRA website, with specific aspects on Belgium here.
An update on developments regarding civic space in the EU and an overview of the possibilities for human rights defenders to enter EU territory (December 2022 - February 2023)
VUB: Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Prof. Paul de Hert
The objective of this research is twofold.
(1) Firstly, it aims at collecting and analysing country-level information on the legal environment and space of civil society organisations that support fundamental rights within the scope of EU law and policies.
(2) Secondly, it aims to gain an overview of the legal and/or practical avenues that exist for human rights defenders at risk from outside the EU to enter and stay for a limited period of time in the respective EU Member State.
Ultimately, this research contributed to the FRA's Protecting civil society – Update 2023.
You can read the report prepared by FRC here.
Fieldwork research: GDPR – The experience of data protection authorities (November 2022 - March 2023)
VUB: Erika Ellyne, Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Ophélie Snoy
The aim of this research is to conduct interviews that will provide information about the concrete application, challenges and best practices identified by DPAs in implementing the GDPR. The interviews aim to identify challenges and possible best practices related to the GDPR’s implementation in relation to the following 9 areas of DPAs’ work:
- Institutional capacity of DPAs
- Modern technological challenges
- Independence of DPAs
- Raising public awareness
- Investigatory powers of DPAs
- Sanctioning GDPR’s violations
- Cooperation between EU DPAs and the GDPR consistency mechanisms
- Cooperation with other national regulators
- Protection of personal data and competing fundamental rights
Local/city measures ensuring access to selected rights for temporary protection beneficiaries (November 2022 - February 2023)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Pieter Van Roeyen
The objective of this research is to collect information on the measures, challenges and good practices arising in cities or locations, such as regions or municipalities, hosting a large number of persons displaced due to the war in Ukraine in ensuring timely access to the following rights provided under the temporary protection directive: housing, education, employment and healthcare.
The main findings of this research can be found here.
Contributing to the FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2023 (October 2022 - January 2023)
VUB: Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Dr. Serena D’Agostino, Erika Ellyne, Prof. Paul de Hert
External partners: Prof. Dr. Chloé Brière, Areg Navasartian, Aurélie Van Baelen, Merel Vrancken, Erdeghem and Ellen Van Vooren (Kenniscentrum Kinderrechten)
The FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2023 aims to provide data and information on important developments in 2022 in the following areas:
- Equality and non-discrimination
- Racism, xenophobia and related intolerance
- Roma integration
- Asylum, visas, migration, borders and integration
- Information society, data protection
- Rights of the child
- Access to justice including rights of crime victims
- Developments in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
The country report prepared by FRC is available here.
FRA Surveillance Report Update (November 2022 - January 2023)
VUB: Erika Ellyne, Prof. Paul de Hert
The aim of this research is to highlight the key developments in the area of surveillance by intelligence services in Belgium. This introductory summary mentions the most significant legislative reform/s that took place or are taking place and highlight the key aspect/s of the reform, focusing on oversight and remedies; as well as the oversight bodies’ (expert bodies (including non-judicial bodies, where relevant), data protection authorities, parliamentary commissions) reports/statements about the national legal framework in the area of surveillance by intelligence services.
This research contributed to the FRA's report: Surveillance by intelligence services: Fundamental rights safeguards and remedies in the EU - 2023 update.
The country report prepared by FRC can be accessed here.
Business and human rights: promoting environmental protection through enforcement of consumer rights (June - December 2022)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Marta Ballesteros, Lucie Meura and Merel Dekker
This research project aims to explore how enforcing consumers’ rights can serve protection of the environment by prompting the sustainable behaviour of business (as regards the production, supply and marketing of goods and the provision of services).
The research will therefore investigate how consumers can be empowered to ensure that business will provide them with all the practical possibility to consume in a more sustainable way, but also to hold business accountable for their activity relevant for the environment.
Fundamental rights implications of the war in Ukraine within the EU (June - September 2022)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Pieter Van Roeyen
This research contributed to the FRA's second bulletin on the fundamental rights implication of the war in Ukraine by providing the Agency with information on three main topics: 1) Providing protection and support to displaced persons fleeing the war in Ukraine, including the impact on local communities, and 2) Addressing issue of trafficking in human beings and provision of information and support to victims of sexual and gender-based violence, in regard to displaced persons fleeing the war in Ukraine, and 3) Xenophobic disinformation and hate speech affecting displaced persons fleeing from Ukraine and Russian speaking minorities.
The FRA's bulletin can be accessed here.
Ageing in digital societies: enablers and barriers to older persons exercising their social rights (May - June 2022)
VUB: Eugenio Mantovani, Erika Ellyne, Prof. Paul de Hert
The project’s objectives are (1) to explore how digitalisation of public services can contribute to better inclusion of older people and (2) to explore to what extent barriers, such as limited digital skills, inaccessible design, lack of access to digital technology, and – importantly – failure to maintain offline access to services and provide for alternatives can hamper older persons’ enjoyment of rights on an equal footing.
The report FRC prepared for the FRA can be accessed here.
The FRA's comparative report is available here.
Providing assistance and expertise on the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (May - June 2022)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External partner: Aurélie Van Baelen
The objective of this research is to provide the FRA with:
- Experts: An overview of national legal experts (both academia and legal practitioners) who have proven expertise on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU.
- Institutional and professional actors and their courses and instruments: An overview of national capacity building/training actors at national level (i.e. national bodies with a human rights remit, civil society organisations, non-governmental organisations, governmental bodies, relevant associations or foundations) that offer relevant Charter-related professional training.
- Available lectures, seminars, courses, and regular events: An overview of lectures, seminars, courses, and regular events (e.g. summer schools and symposia) provided by national higher education institutions (e.g. universities, law schools) specifically dealing with EU fundamental rights law, including the Charter.
Training provided to labour inspectors on the protective elements of the Employers Sanctions Directive (April - June 2022)
VUB: Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Amy Weatherburn
The objective of this research is to provide the FRA with information on the following protective elements of the Employers Sanctions Directive:
1. Provision of information to migrant workers in an irregular situation on:
- their rights as workers, including the right to back-pay (also for workers who have been returned to their country of origin), and to access complaints mechanisms and legal procedures to claim their rights;
- the available complaint mechanisms, including whether such mechanisms are confidential or the data of the migrant worker in an irregular situation is shared with police and/or migration authorities;
- the availability of residence permits, including for victims of ‘particularly exploitative working conditions’ as well as ‘trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation’.
2. Identification, handling and referral of potential cases of ‘particularly exploitative labour conditions’ and trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation during inspections;
3. Collecting evidence and initiating actions for workers in an irregular situation who claim back-pay from the employer.
Fieldwork research: Procedural safeguards in European Arrest Warrant (EAW) proceedings (March - December 2022)
VUB: Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Prof. Paul de Hert
External: Mathias Holvoet
The objective of this research is twofold. First, to conduct desk research to outline the current policy context and legal provisions in their Member State concerning procedural rights of persons requested in the EAW proceedings. Second, to conduct interviews with practitioners. Interviews provide information about actual practices, not just as they exist in statutory or case law, in a given Member State, and do not focus on the literate wording of applicable laws but rather their implementation in practice.
Anti-racism in policing in the EU:challenges and promising practices (February - July 2022)
VUB: Katrien Vanlerberghe, Prof. Dr. Sofie De Kimpe, Prof. Paul de Hert
The objective of this research is to provide the FRA with information and data on anti-racism in policing, including information on relevant legislation and policies, police oversight, existing data on complaints and case law, training related to anti-racism and combatting racial discrimination, and examples of related good practices.
Legal environment and space of civil society organisations in supporting fundamental rights and the rule of law in EU Member States (December 2021 – January 2022)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External partner: Aurélie Van Baelen
The FRA civil society report showcases good practice examples from across the EU. But, despite positive developments, the report also highlights persisting challenges civil society continues to face across the EU. FRC contributed to the report by collecting and analysing country-level information on the legal environment and space of civil society organisations that operate in supporting fundamental rights and the rule of law, within the scope of EU law and policies.
The country report prepared by FRC is available here.
Contributing to the FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2022 (October 2021 - January 2022)
VUB: Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Dr. Aleydis Nissen, Dr. Serena D’Agostino, Danaja Fabcic Povse, Prof. Paul de Hert
External partners: Prof. Dr. Chloé Brière, Areg Navasartian, Rik Raedschelders
The FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2022 aims to provide data and information on important developments in 2021 in the following areas:
- Equality and non-discrimination
- Racism, xenophobia and related intolerance
- Roma integration
- Asylum, visas, migration, borders and integration
- Information society, data protection
- Rights of the child
- Access to justice including rights of crime victims
- Developments in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Specially for the 2022 edition, the FRA also prepared a focus chapter on Social rights and equality in the light of the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, to which FRC also contributed.
The country report prepared by FRC is available here.
Procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings: fieldwork (February – December 2021)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External partners: Prof. Wendy De Bondt, Lisa Vercruysse
The objective of this research is to provide evidence based advice to the EU institutions and EU Member States on criminal procedural rights. The project focuses in particular on the procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings. ‘Child’ means a person below the age of 18. These safeguards are prescribed in Directive (EU) 2016/800 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings (Directive 2016/800/EU or the ‘Directive’).
In this regard, FRC’s fieldwork report provided country-level information on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused person in criminal proceedings, thus contributing to the drafting of FRA’s comparative report.
The fundamental rights situation of long-term residents in the EU: fieldwork (February – December 2021)
VUB: Júlia Zomignani Barboza, Gabriel Zohar, Prof. Paul de Hert
External partner: Prof. dr. Ellen Desmet
The overall objective of this research is to provide evidence-based assistance to EU institutions and EU Member States (at different levels) in identifying necessary steps to strengthen and better implement the rights of long-term residents deriving from EU law. This concerns in particular the provisions of EU law that relate to
- the principle of equal treatment and
- the right to intra-EU mobility
This project has the ambition to contribute to the efforts for a comprehensive legal migration policy that includes as a core element the integration and inclusion of third-country nationals, in particular those who stay in EU Member States for many years and have already established strong ties with the societies they live in, regardless of the type of their residence permit and their formal residence status. Such a policy would help make the most out of the skills and talents of all, and would foster social inclusion, and peaceful living together in equality and diversity. These are requirements for a cohesive society respectful of the fundamental rights of all.
To achieve these objectives, FRC conducted desktop research and social fieldwork for FRA. This contributed to the drafting of the FRA's report: Promoting migrant integration – Strengthening EU law on long-term residence, available here.
Criminal Detention in the EU - Conditions and Monitoring (Update of the FRA's Criminal Detention Database) (July 2021)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External partners: Tom Daems & Marjolein Robert, Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), KU Leuven
In 2019, FRA developed its ‘Criminal Detention Database 2015-2019’, an online tool to assist judges and other legal practitioners in accessing information on the criminal detention conditions in the context of the existing fundamental rights standards - namely, the prohibition against torture and inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 4 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights). As such, FRA’s Criminal Detention Database 2015-2019 consists of information on selected aspects of conditions of detention in all Member States and a database of relevant case law of international courts and reports of monitoring bodies, such as the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) and National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs).
The work done in 2021 thus aimed to collect data on Belgium to update the FRA’s current database and extend its scope.
Contributing to the FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2021 (January 2021)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Lisa Feirabend, Dr. Serena D’Agostino
External partners: Prof. Dr. Ellen Desmet, Prof. Dr. Chloé Brière, Dr. Amy Weatherburn, François Catteau
The FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2021 aims to provide data and information on important developments in 2020 in the following areas:
- Equality and non-discrimination
- Racism, xenophobia and related intolerance
- Roma integration
- Asylum, visas, migration, borders and integration
- Information society, data protection
- Rights of the child
- Access to justice including rights of crime victims
- Developments in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
The country report prepared by FRC is also available here.
Reporting on guardianship systems for unaccompanied children (February and March 2021)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Júlia Zomigani Barboza
External partners: Prof. Dr. Ellen Desmet
In 2014, the European Commission and FRA published a Handbook on Guardianship for children deprived of parental care as required by the European Action Plan to combat trafficking. The Handbook is available in 23 EU languages and has been a reference guide for many actors in the field of migration and asylum since. In 2015, the FRA also published a report on guardianship systems, which provides an overview of the different legal and organisational perspectives in EU Member States.
Guardianship systems of several EU Member States have undergone reforms, with legal or policy implications. The aim of this report was to update the 2015 report on guardianship systems in order to provide an overview of the guardianship systems as of 2020. The comparative report by the FRA can be found here.
Analysing the use of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights at national level (January 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External partner: Dr. Marijke de Pauw
In the context of the FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2021, FRC also provided key information and analysis on the use of the EU Charter in Belgium, identifying the main national judgements based on the Charter as well as legislative developments influenced by it and mentions of it by the Belgian parliament.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in the EU – impact on fundamental rights (March 2020 – April 2021)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn, Júlia Zomigani Barboza, Lisa Feirabend
External Partners: Dr. Marijke de Pauw,
The impact on fundamental rights of the measures taken by government and public authorities in the context of the outbreak of COVID-19 have raised concerns globally, nevertheless, it is important to ensure that these measures are necessary and proportionate to the evaluated risk and that their impact on certain groups, such as children and older people, are taken into account. The impact on selected key fundamental rights such as non-discrimination and equality, freedom of movement, privacy and data protection will be outlined.
On a monthly basis the FRA produce bulletins that outline the measures taken to protect public health and their impact on fundamental rights in EU Member States. A country report for Belgium is also published.
Bulletin 1 and Country Report (February – March 2020).
Bulletin 2 and Country Report (March – April 2020).
Bulletin 3 and Country Report (May 2020)
Bulletin 4 and Country Report (June 2020)
Bulletin 5 and Country Report (March-June 2020)
Bulletin 6 and Country Report (September-November 2020)
Bulletin 7 and Country Report (March 2021 - April 2021)
Presumption of Innocence: procedural rights in criminal proceedings: fieldwork (June 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert,
External partners: Prof. Dr Catherine van de Heyning, Dr. Stijn Lamberigts
This project will report on the application of certain aspects of the right to be presumed innocent in criminal proceedings and the fundamental rights implications for the persons concerned, in compliance with Directive 2016/343/EU on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at trial in criminal proceedings.
Fundamental Rights Impact of the EU Terrorism Directive (April 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert,
External partners: Prof. Dr Catherine van de Heyning
This report will collate information on key fundamental rights challenges at the national level in the field of counter-terrorism with particular focus on the implementation of the Directive 2017/541 on combating terrorism.
Long-term residence permits (April 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Júlia Zomigani Barboza
External partners: Prof. Dr. Ellen Desmet
The aim of the data collection is to map national long-term residence permits in the 25 EU Member States bound by the EU Long-Term Residence Directive 2003/109/EC particularly exploring the data regarding the existence, lengths of status, withdrawal of status and expulsion, as well as equal treatment with Member State nationals, under national long-term residence permits.
Severe labour exploitation and the Employers Sanction Directive (April 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn
In light of the lack of information on how Member States implement protective provisions of the Employers Sanctions Directive 2009/52/EC, the aim of this research is to provide an overview of how the protective provisions in the directive have impacted on victims of particularly exploitative working conditions.
For more information on FRA work on severe labour exploitation.
Justice for all? Equal access to criminal justice for all victims of crimes against the person (April 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn
External Partners: Prof. Dr. Chloé Brière
The Victims’ Rights Directive ensures access to justice and non-discrimination for all victims of crime. The research will collect data on the differential treatment of various categories of victims of crimes against the person – namely female victims of gender-based violence; children; victims with disabilities; victims of hate crime; victims of terrorism; and ‘other’ victims - and, consequently, differences between these categories in having access to criminal justice.
Data collection on experiences of discrimination on grounds of disability and on grounds of age in the area of employment and occupation (Contribution to FRA paper on the application of the Equality Directives (Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC)) (February 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External Partners: Dr. Marijke de Pauw
The purpose of this research is to collect available national data and information on discrimination on grounds of (1) disability and (2) age in the area of employment and occupation in the EU Member States with a view to the forthcoming review of the application of the Racial Equality and Employment Equality Directives (Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC)).
Roma and Travellers Survey 2018/2019: Legislation, policy and practical aspects (February 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Serena D’Agostino
Following the completion of the FRA Roma and Travellers Survey 2018/2019, it is necessary to contextualise indicators and to better assess the state of play in five Member States covered by the survey by taking stock of relevant legislation and policy aspects in place at the national level. This data collection will collate reliable, precise and up-to-date information on the main national anti-discrimination legislation and policies on Roma and Travellers and those promoting their social inclusion. Where appropriate, this data collection will enable the identification of any major gaps in legislation or barriers for Roma and Travellers to enjoy their fundamental rights.
Contributing to the FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2019 (January 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn, Júlia Zomigani Barboza
External partners: Prof. Dr. Ellen Desmet, Prof. Dr. Ilke Adam, Prof. Dr. Chloé Brière, Dr. Jozefien van Caeneghem
The FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2019 aims to provide data and information on important developments in 2019 in the following areas:
- Equality and non-discrimination
- Racism, xenophobia and related intolerance
- Roma integration
- Asylum, visas, migration, borders and integration
- Information society, data protection
- Rights of the child
- Access to justice including rights of crime victims
- Developments in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Past annual reports can be found on the FRA website.
Analysing the use of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights at national level (January 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert
External partner: Dr. Jozefien van Caeneghem
In the context of the FRA Fundamental Rights Report 2019, FRC will provide key information and analysis on the use of the EU Charter in Belgium, identifying the main national judgements based on the Charter as well as legislative developments influenced by it and mentions of it by the Belgian parliament.
Analysing key fundamental rights concerns in the field of asylum and migration - Quarterly Bulletin (January 2019 – ongoing)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn, Júlia Zomigani Barboza
External partner: Prof. Dr. Ellen Desmet
In view of the increasing numbers of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants entering the EU, the European Commission asked FRA to collect data about the fundamental rights situation of people arriving in Member States and EU candidate countries that have been particularly affected by large migration movements. In this context, FRC provides FRA with quarterly bulletins on the fundamental rights situation of migrants and asylum-seekers in Belgium. All bulletins are available on the FRA website.
Reporting on legal aid in return procedures in Belgium (November 2019 & February 2020)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn, Júlia Zomigani Barboza
External partner: Prof. Dr. Ellen Desmet
One of the central safeguards included in the Return Directive concerns access to free legal aid. Legal aid in asylum and immigration cases is an essential part of the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial set out in Article 47 of the EU Charter. FRA has carried out extensive work in the field of returns. Existing FRA materials do not, however, analyse the availability of free legal aid for people in return procedures. This data collection intends to fill this gap by enabling FRA to have an overview of the situation in the 28 EU Member States regarding the availability of free legal aid to persons in return procedures.
Updating the FRA Anti-Muslim Hatred Database 2019 (September 2019)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn
External partner: Dr. Jozefien van Caeneghem
The Anti-Muslim Hatred database provides information on significant international, European and national case law and rulings, UN human rights body decisions, reports, findings by human rights and equality bodies and organisations relating to hate crime, hate speech and discrimination against Muslims, as well as relevant research, reports, studies, data and statistics on these issues. It also provides information on victims' support organisations in the EU Member States. The update will provide available statistics and other data pertaining to anti-Muslim hatred, where possible disaggregated by ethnic and/or religious group, citizenship, gender and age to identify intersectional aspects in Belgium.
The full Anti-Muslim Hatred Database is available on FRA website, with specific aspects on Belgium here.
Reporting on fundamental rights issues in the context of border management and return (May – August 2019)
VUB: Prof. Paul de Hert, Dr. Amy Weatherburn, Júlia Zomigani Barboza
External partner: Prof. Dr. Ellen Desmet
Fundamental rights issues in the context of European Union external border management and return policies receive high attention by policy makers and media, particularly against the backdrop of the recent unprecedented migration influx.
In order to facilitate its follow-up work to past research activities in this context (such as the reports on the treatment of third-country nationals at external EU border - at southern sea borders, at airports and at land borders, on immigration detention of children